Essay on Seamus Heaneys Background and Poetry - 3041 Words

Seamus Heaneys Background and Poetry Seamus Heaney had a Roman Catholic upbringing in a rural area of Northern Ireland. How does his poetry reflect his background? Heaneys poetry is able to reflect his background by his use of language and the technique he expresses his experiences. I will cover his background into three sections: his childhood, the community and his reflections. I will start by looking at his feelings and experiences in the poem Death of a Naturalist. The poet remembers the time when he was a young child. He saw the reality of what frogs were really like in the outdoors compared to what was taught in school. In school, the frogs are described like a typical teacher talking to young pupils. It is very†¦show more content†¦The finish illustrated how he feared for what was in the pond. He delivers his message very effectively. He says an unequivocal word in the sentence; and I knew that if I dipped my hand the spawn would clutch it. He knew that it would clutch his hand showing how positive and definite he was feeling. The experience had so much impact on Heaney altering his emotions before the incident occurred. The title is very striking and ironic. The definition of a naturalist is someone who is an expert in natural history. Heaney was learning nature from direct observation but this stopped him from ever becoming a naturalist due to the fact that he found it a nightmare. Hence the word Death The poem is done with unrhymed iambic pentameter lines. The use of onomatopoeia is very frequent such as: slap and plop, farting and gargled. The continuous, repulsive words help bring the poem to life and show how terrifying his experience was. E.g. rotted, festered, slobber and slime kings. In the first section, the poet shows that he has a scientific interest. This is shown by the way he uses the technical names to call the frogs e.g. bullfrog and frogspawn rather than the patronizing words daddy and mammy from the teacher. The second section is like vengeance and a punishment in the eyes of the young poet. Heaney possibly never got past the simple idea that the frogs were not just mammy or daddy frogs. TheShow MoreRelated How is Seamus Heaneys Irish Rural Heritage Reflected In his Poetry.850 Words   |  4 PagesHow is Seamus Heaneys Irish Rural Heritage Reflected In his Poetry. Seamus Heaney was born and grew up in the Irish countryside on his fathers farm. His father was still using the traditional farming methods, which had been handed down for generations, even though technology had developed greatly in the early twentieth century. Heaney learns a lot from his father about farming and how generations of his family have done it. Heaney takes a great interest in it and he admires his fathersRead MoreEssay Dichotomy in Seamus Heaney’s Poetry3663 Words   |  15 PagesDichotomy in Seamus Heaney’s Poetry How much does an artist’s life affect the art they produce? One’s art certainly can be an expression of one’s surroundings and in this manner the surroundings are woven like a thread into their body of work. Seamus Heaney, born and raised in Northern Ireland, has grown up with many strong influences in his life that are visible in his poetry. As Robert Buttel claims in his article on Seamus Heaney â€Å"the imprint of this poet’s origins is indelibly fixed inRead More Comparing Seamus Heaney Poems Follower, Mid-term Break, and Digging3940 Words   |  16 Pagesthis essay I will be comparing three Seamus Heaney poems we looked at in class these are called, â€Å"Follower†, â€Å"Mid-term Break† and, â€Å"Digging†. There are differences as well as similarities, the similarities include: they are all poems about and set in Seamus’ childhood memories In addition, all the poems more or less use some of the same poetic devices and techniques like: onomatopoeia and some of the same characters appear in all three poems such as like: Seamus (himself obviously) and his fatherRead MoreSeamus Heaney1515 Words   |  7 PagesPoetry is often regarded the genre of the elite, but just as often champions are oppressed. Discuss with a detailed reference to two or more poems. The poems ‘Limbo’ and ‘Bye Child’ by Seamus Heaney are poems that evoke the casualties of sexual and emotional repression in Ireland, as well as and the oppression of both women and un baptized children, in a time where religion was most prominent and people were confined to the guidelines of the church and it’s community, as it was the ruling powerRead MoreSeamus Heaney Poems2311 Words   |  10 PagesGood Afternoon all, I have been asked before you today to discuss my opinion on the poetry of Seamus Heaney, and although this style of learning wouldn’t be what you’d be used to, I’m hoping you will all benefit from what I have to say and leave here with a clear understanding of Heaney’s brilliance, questioning the meaning behind what he has written. I have decided to take a thematic approach to this discussion rather than spend set time talking about one poem at a time, only for you to grow confusedRead MoreEssay about The poetry of Seamus Heaney is deceptively simple1774 Words   |  8 PagesThe poetry of Seamus Heaney is deceptively simple. Examine this comment in the light of his choices of subject, diction, and structure. You should refer to at least two poems in your responses. The deceptive simplicity of the poet can be helped to be understood through P A M Dirac, who suggests that poetry tries to tell people in a way that is understood by no one, something everybody already knew. If you can comprehend this, it is easier to see how the poetry of Heaney can be called deceptivelyRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Seamus Heaneys North3769 Words   |  16 PagesAnalysis of Seamus Heaneys North The poet Keats wrote that â€Å"the only means of strengthening one’s intellect is to make up one’s own mind about nothing – to let the mind be a thoroughfare for all thought, not a select body†. That this may be an admirable aim for a poet, and especially so for one writing against a background of ethnic violence, is not in doubt. It is, however, extremely difficult to remain neutral when one identifies oneself with an ethnic party involved in conflict. It is my intentionRead MoreThe Way Wordsworth and Heaney Present Nature and Rural Life in Their Poetry4285 Words   |  18 PagesThe Way Wordsworth and Heaney Present Nature and Rural Life in Their Poetry Born 1770, in Cockermouth, William Wordsworth spent his early life and many of his formative years attending a boys school in Hawkshead, a village in the Lake District. As can be seen in his poetry, the years he spent living in these rural surroundings provided many of the valuable experiences Wordsworth had as he grew up. At the age of 17, Wordsworth moved south to study at Saint Johns CollegeRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By Seamus Heaney2116 Words   |  9 Pagesthe original teller was long dead. Therefore the original author of Beowulf is unknown, however Seamus Heaney is one of the many to have translated it from old english into current english so many others can enjoy it as well. Seamus Heaney was born on April 13 in 1939. Born and raised in Ireland he was the eldest of nine children, and grew up on a family farm. The landscape gave him reason and background for many of his poems. He attended St. Columb’s College in Londonderry. After that he went to Queen’s

Advertising Impact on Society - 1190 Words

Advertising’s impact on Society Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher of communication theory said, â€Å"Advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century.† Like many works of art, advertising is constantly pushing the limits of what is appropriate. It is hard to escape the constant bombardment of advertisements; they are all around us and they have an impact on our cultural values as a society. Industries take full advantage of this constant exposure in order to sell their products, so as a result advertisements are pushing the envelope even further to catch the attention of its viewers. According to Jean Kilbourne, creator of the acclaimed documentary Killing Us Softly, â€Å"over a $180 billion are now spent on advertising in the U.S. and the average person sees over 3,000 ads daily† (Kilbourne). Sex and consumption have become overtly connected in many of the advertisements seen today. This Skyy Vodka ad is an excellent example of the inappropriate nature of advertisements and the neg ative affect they have on society. The SKYY Vodka advertisement that is featured in Maxim Magazine is not only selling alcohol it is selling the concept of sexuality through images of sexual innuendo. There is nothing subtle about the message behind this advertisement. The image depicts a bottle of dark blue Skyy infusions All Natural Cherry vodka against a bright red background. The bottle is placed between two women, one Caucasian and the other African American. From what we can gatherShow MoreRelatedAdvertising And Its Impact On Society1178 Words   |  5 Pagescomes to advertising these differences are not put aside, especially in terms of gender and race. According to Schroeder Borgerson (1998), advertising is quite significant when influencing, building and illustrating consumers vision of the good life, which includes sexual attraction. Domzal Kernan (1993), added that, advertising images represent an essential part of the experienced visua l world. Reality and advertising are notRead MoreRole of Advertising and its impact on society.2376 Words   |  10 Pagespractice of advertising have been reshaping the society people live in. The force of advertising reaches out and touches everyone living and working in the modern world today. Advertising is claimed by its practitioners to be largely responsible for the good things in life and is criticized by its opponents as the cause of unpleasant things (Lee Johnson, 1999). The impact of advertising on the society is a fiercely debated topic, and has been ever since the conception of advertising in its mostRead MoreAdvertising Has A Impact On Society Essay1938 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertising has had a major impact on society. Some may be considered positive and some negative. Take a look around, advertisements are placed everywhere, television commercials, billboards, newspapers, and even on the sides of buses. Advertising is the basic form of marketing and trading throug hout the world. Today’s society knows it as marketers trying to influence or persuade consumers into buying something. It also serves as a medium for services and businesses. There are many advertising strategiesRead More Impact of Advertising on American Society Essay examples1557 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Advertising on American Society American society has changed drastically over the past years and some people say advertisements reflect the society that we live in now. Advertising in our society encourages unhealthy habits, focuses in on our weaknesses and leads us to believe that we are materialistic. Advertisements can also change our vision of reality and makes us believe the impossible. Advertisements use sexual and racial stereotypes to help sell their products. People in ourRead MoreThe Impact of Mass Media Advertising on Society Essay examples968 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the use of mass medium and it is nearly impossible to escape the invasion of advertising. Continuous exposure to advertisements has indeed impacted numerous consumers, in which most of them are unaware to the situation and companies are taking advantage of this by allocating big budget to improve and develop advertisements solely to persuade consumer’s preferences toward their brand or product. Advertising has been specifically linked as the main cause of obesity and anorexia, alcohol andRead MoreThe Impact Of Advertising On Women And Showing The Negative Prospects Of Society1465 Words   |  6 PagesAliza Durvesh Professor Miller-Waters English 1301 November 23, 2015 Advertising â€Å"Advertising may be described as the science of arresting the human mind long enough to get money from it† –Stephen Butter Leacock. The invention of television in 1920s changed the advertising game forever. Many good things came from this like the fact that advertising has made it much easier for companies to reach larger audience but it has encouraged many unethical behaviors from the media. One major example of thisRead MoreThe Impact Of Advertising On Society s Image Based Culture1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe Impact of Advertisements We see advertisements surround us each day from commercials to billboards and fliers. Have you ever wondered about how advertisements attract consumers? I will discuss the impact of advertisements have on consumers in an image-based culture. My topic is related to ethics course and is under chapter seven part two Persuasion in Advertising. In this chapter the authors of the Media Ethics Cases and Moral Reasoning book discuss Advertising in an Image-Based Culture, includingRead MoreCritique on Advertising in Our Society1034 Words   |  5 PagesCritique On Advertising In Our Society A critique on the impact of advertising in our society. Consider visuals and verbal or written language. (1000 words) The impact of advertising on our society is a fiercely debated topic, and has been ever since the conception of advertising in its most basic form. There are negative and positive social and economic impacts upon society from advertising in its various forms. For instance, advertising promoting public welfare has a positive social impact uponRead More Advertising: the good and bad Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Advertising is a persuasive communication attempt to change or reinforce one’s prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. We are not born with the attitudes for which we hold toward various things in our environment. Instead, we learn our feelings of favorability or unfavorability through information about the object through advertising or direct experience with the object, or some combination of the two. Furthermore, the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade’ to consumer in orderRead MoreAdvertising1204 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Impact Of Advertising Impact based advertising is a form of advertising designed to have a lasting psychological effect on viewers so they will remember the product or vendor. This approach can help advertising produce the greatest results for a given expenditure. Impact based advertising is often contrasted with impression based advertising, which is focused on the number of times that an ad is seen and does not differentiate between segments of the audience. Impact-based advertising seeks to

Investigating the influences of relational - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about Investigating the influences of relational. Answer: To, The Marketing Director XYZ Company Sydney, Australia Date: 01/10/2018 Sub: Merits and demerits of different communication tools Dear Sir, I propose to inform you regarding the merits and demerits of synchronous and asynchronous types of communication to be used in the organizations. Moreover, I will also want to convey to you regarding the importance of virtual team. The organization is going through a difficult phase and it is important to initiate effective communication process in the system in order to have effective and smooth communication among the team members. However, currently our organization is having asynchronous mode of communication, which cannot involve multiple parties at one go. Thus, it is of urgent need to have an effective system of communication in the process. One of the key and effective solutions can be the synchronous mode of communication. However, by analyzing with different journal articles, it is being seen that, both these modes of communication are having their merits and demerits. According to Heemels, Borgers, van de Wouw, Nesic and Teel (2013), one of the key advantages for asynchronous mode of communication is the cost involved. According to the authors, asynchronous mode of communication involves much less cost compared to other mode of communication. In the case of the XYZ Company also, it is being seen that, the cost incurred for the communication process is less. Thus, this is one of the key advantages gained by the company. On the other hand, according to Polyanskiy (2013), another advantage to be gained from the initiation of the asynchronous mode of communication is the accuracy and source of evidence. This is due to the reason that, asynchronous mode of communication involves only two parties at one time and thus, the communication process is more accurate and specific. This in turn resolves the issues more effectively. However, from the review of the literatures, there are few demerits also identified for asynchronous mode of communication. According to AlAfnan (2015), one of the key difficulties for asynchronous mode of communication is lack of opportunity to involve multiple parties in the process. However, in the current business scenario, involvement of the multiple parties is important in the communication process. Moreover, XYZ Company is having team based working environment and thus, it is important to have effective communication and network among the team members. However, according to the author, it is difficult for all the team members to get involved in the communication process at once in asynchronous mode of communication. In the current business scenario, XYZ Company is having the importance of virtual team in the organization due to the reason that, it will help the team members to be connected with each other at any point of time. According to VanDoorn and Eklund (2013), contemporary communication tools such as social networking sites and different chat rooms are the prime examples of synchronous mode of communication. The authors have also stated that, initiation of the synchronous mode of communication will help to involves multiple members at once along with initiating faster mode of communication. This is due to the reason that, with the help of the synchronous mode of communication, team members can convey their message and receive at any point of time and thus, it will help to have virtual team. However, according to Coverdale-Jones (2017), there are issues with this mode of communication such as technical glitch and involvement of more cost. This may lead to the uncertain snag in the communication process. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be noted that, synchronous mode of communication will be more effective regardless of a few demerits and thus it is being recommended to implement synchronous mode of communication in the organization. For any further information, please feel free to contact me in case of any queries. Your faithfully Reference AlAfnan, M. A. (2015). Asynchronous communication: Investigating the influences of relational elements and background on the framing structure of emails.Advances in Language and Literary Studies,6(2), 44-50. Coverdale-Jones, T. (2017). The use of video-conferencing as a communication tool for language learning: Issues and considerations.IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies,32(1). Heemels, W. P. M. H., Borgers, D. P., van de Wouw, N., Nesic, D., Teel, A. R. (2013, December). Stability analysis of nonlinear networked control systems with asynchronous communication: A small-gain approach. InDecision and Control (CDC), 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference on(pp. 4631-4637). IEEE. Polyanskiy, Y. (2013). Asynchronous communication: Exact synchronization, universality, and dispersion.IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,59(3), 1256-1270. VanDoorn, G., Eklund, A. A. (2013). Face to Facebook: Social media and the learning and teaching potential of symmetrical, synchronous communication.Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice,10(1), 6.

Turn Of The Screw Essays - British Films, English-language Films

Turn Of The Screw A young gentleman named Miles died yesterday. There are many mysteries surrounding his death. His sole protector and guardian, the Governess of Bly, claims that supernatural forces overtook the child. After the autopsy, I found her accusations to be nonsense. The child died of a heart attack, out of fright. He was scared to the point of death by the Governess. Despite the fact it happened by accident, The Governess is solely responsible for the death of Miles. The Governess has gone insane. She keeps talking about a Miss Jessel and a Mister Quint. However, my records show that both have been dead for several years now. The Governess claims that Mister Quint took the soul of young Miles. I have no choice but to hold her responsible, because it is foolish to believe in ghosts. I believe that the Governess went insane, started seeing things, and forced her fears onto the children. The other child in question is Miles' sister, Flora. Flora was taken away from the house to distance herself from the Governess. The Governess says she is the only adult to see the ghosts. That is evidence enough that it was all in her head. She is responsible for the death because there is no other rational explanation. I wish to clarify something. While I feel that the Governess is responsible for the death, I want to make clear the fact that Miles died by accident, and the Governess did not wish to harm him. I have interviewed all the maids, and in particular, a Mrs. Grose, who is a close friend of the Governess. They have all had nothing but kind remarks for the Governess. The Governess did scare the child, but she scared herself as well. I feel that Miles' death is very painful to the Governess, and was not meant to happen. Notice that I said that the Governess is solely responsible. By solely, I mean that no one else had a hand in the death of Miles. Yet I have obtained evidence that Mrs. Grose and Flora knew something about the so-called"ghosts". Allow me to clarify what I mean. Yes, Mrs. Grose and Flora may have mentioned these ghosts to Miles before, but it was only because they were persuaded to do so by the Governess. Mrs. Grose and Flora have both told me of a time by the Estate Lake, where the Governess could see the ghost of Miss Jessel and the others could not. That is evidence enough that the death happened only at the hands of the Governess. She is the only one that could see the ghosts; therefore, she is the only one that could have scared Miles with them. In addition, Mrs. Grose and Flora were out of the house at the time, which further backs my theory that the Governess acted alone. I am going to recommend a charge of involuntary manslaughter to the police. The Governess is solely responsible for the accidental death of Miles, because there is no other rational explanation, and she was insane at the time of the death. There is also no evidence to lead me to believe that she did it intentionally, or that anyone else helped her.

Interview with pediartrician

Interview with pediartrician I interviewed Dr. Samina Ajmal from Zulekha Hospital, Dubai. We discussed Obesity; THE BANE OF THE DEVELOPED WORLD- is spreading its tentacles among the young in the UAE too. Dr. Samina Ajmal explains how I can be tackled.Maria: What are the major concerns regarding eating patterns of children in the U.A.E?Dr. Samina: I have worked with children for about 12 years now. In the U.A.E, I feel the eating habits of children are particularly distorted because parents are hard-pressed for time especially if both of them are working. Due to this, it becomes common practice to eat out and the main emphasis is on junk food.Children get into the habit of eating while on the go and snacking from an early age. They lack balanced nutrition. Hence they start to develop health problems like obesity, iron deficiency, constipation and other nutritional deficiencies.Maria: At what age should a child be allowed to make his own food choices and how should this transition be achieved?Body mass index (BMI) valuesDr. Samina: A child can be taught to take his/her food any time after the age of four. In fact, by encouraging this practice parents can gradually guide the child into a lifelong habit of eating healthy foods. Moreover, it adds an element of adventure to the monotonous process of eating (regular food items) for the child.Practice food democracy. Let your kid include his choice of vegetables or fruit in the dinner menu. He will feel respected. Also, teach children how to make meals more nutritious.Make subtle changes. Don't forcibly exercise control over the dietary habits of your child. Setting rigid rules, like banning ice cream, often backfires because children in such cases tend to indulge in these food items when they re at a party or at a friend's house.

Health Hazards of Barbecue Carcinogens

Health Hazards of Barbecue Carcinogens One of the best parts of summer, in my opinion, is barbecue. See that marshmallow? Its perfect. Brown all the way around, gooey all the way to the center. You know it will melt in your mouth. I didnt take the photo. Thats because my marshmallows inevitably burst into flame and end as cinders with cold, white centers. I imagine either type of toasted marshmallow contributes to your cancer risk. So does anything charred, like seared steak or hamburgers from the grill or even burnt toast. The carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) is mainly benzo[a]pyrene, though other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are present and can cause cancer, too. PAHs are in smoke from incomplete combustion, so if you can taste smoke on your food, expect it contains those chemicals. Most of the PAHs are associated with smoke or char, so you can scrape them off your food and reduce your risk from them (though that kind of defeats the point of a toasted marshmallow). HCAs, on the other hand, are produced by a chemical reaction between meat and high or prolonged heat. Youll find these chemicals in fried meat as well as barbecue. You cant cut or scrape away this class of carcinogens, but you can limit the amount that is produced by cooking your meat just until its done, not blackening it into oblivion. Just how dangerous are these chemicals? The truth is, its very hard to quantify the risk. There is no established this amount will cause cancer limit because the genetic damage that leads to cancer is complex and affected by many other factors. For example, if you drink alcohol with your char, you further increase your risk, since alcohol, though it doesnt cause cancer, acts as a promoter. This means it increases the likelihood a carcinogen will be able to induce cancer. Similarly, other foods may lessen your risk. What is known is that PAHs and HCAs definitively cause cancer in humans, but they are also a part of everyday life, so your body has mechanisms for detoxifying them. What you want to do is try to limit your exposure. I guess that means you should take the time to toast the perfect marshmallow rather than go for the quick sugary fireball, but thats just so hard... You can also try to  eat your greens to help cure cancer and learn about  the most poisonous chemicals.

The topic is to discuss developing a case study to analyze and solve Assignment

The topic is to discuss developing a case study to analyze and solve - Assignment Example According to Herzlinger (2006) strong nursing leadership, integrated with a transformational style of leadership would be most effective in overseeing the successful realization of new procedures such as electronic documentation systems in the merged organization (Amerson, 2011). The procedures conducted in nursing homes are usually conducted by nurses. This means that the nurses are in the best position to support urgency for implementing the changes needed while also communicating the vision of change to other medical workers. Nurses can also easily empower each others’ initiatives to support the change while also revising the new merged organization's internal culture so as to create new traditions. Overseeing the Installation of a new Documentation System During transitional phases during which important changes are occurring due to mergers, it might be necessary to employ additional workers who are tasked with helping with implementation challenges. This is especially imp ortant if either of the nursing homes are short-staffed. Even in case the nursing home is fully staffed, it might be necessary for additional staff to be hired so that the nurses have a chance to focus on learning the new methods of operation and adapt to them. This will require time as well as energy. The nurses from the different nursing homes may also require additional time in which to test the efficiency of new operational methods. Since each nursing home’s former documentation models were different there will be a need to test the most efficient method before implementing it in the merged institution (Walker, 2006). This precedes a combined educational training course conducted for the workers of both nursing homes together. The Importance of Mergers between two Nursing Homes Mergers always result in more profits for the health institutions concerned. Such productivity ensures that the institutions survive in an increasingly competitive economy. At present, many nurses working in nursing homes are forced to work in spite of shrinking reimbursements. To remain productive in an age in which the federal healthcare reforms are likely to result in negative financial consequences, mergers have to be implemented (Large, McLeod, Cunningham and Kitson, 2005). Mergers will be a way for both nursing homes to remain solvent while catering to the main objective- the care of patients. Merging will also result in reduced costs as the two nursing homes will be able to use their unity as leverage when purchasing larger supplies. The new merged institution will be able to ask for volume discounts due to higher usage. In addition, if one of the nursing homes were struggling, renovations made in order to make it possible for both institutions to merge would cause make it more lucrative. Why Merger between the Nursing Homes can be difficult to Implement The process of merging, though, is not easily accomplished. There are difficulties in deciding on the operations to streamline, as well as the different methods of documentation used by both nursing homes. When the workers of one nursing home are not well acquainted with their prospective partners, there may be discomfort between the staff of both homes. There may also be changes in leadership that confuse the staff or make them apprehensive about

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Summary - Essay Example They form part of the Secwepemec or the Shushwap nation and they total to 526 people. Just like other first nations, they too have undergone many injustices dating to the Indian Act Administration including abuse at school (p1). This group had come up with a Family Violence Program whose creation highlights the importance of community participation in combating crime. It further underpins the fact that government policies often act as barriers especially when they are misinterpreted and thus do not end up benefitting their people (p1). It has been noted that justice systems that the aborigines create and manage, serve as useful alternatives to the government’s criminal justice system (Casey 1991). Such alternatives include a wider absorption of aboriginal practices and traditions into the justice system or even creating an autonomous aboriginal justice system altogether (p1). Open-ended interviews were conducted among forty-one participants who were involved in the creation of the Family Violence program. To aid in this research, government support was enlisted in terms of research funds. Representatives of the government were also invited to sit in the community meetings and discussions. The government’s cooperation had to be fully sought (p3). Other departments not involved in criminal justice were also invited to participate in the aboriginal initiative. Departments such as Indian and Northern Affairs Canada gave funds, as did Health Canada under their corresponding sections pertaining to family and community affairs. The Aboriginal justice department was also invited to the meetings and even to participate in funding. However, the justice department refused to release funds (p4). Within the community, there were challenges encountered as well. Interviewees reported difficulties of opening up to others about their sexual abuse. Participants feared a lack of confidentiality owing to

War against Terrorism Essay Example for Free

War against Terrorism Essay Terrorism means spreading terror or horror through unusual activities such as bomb blasts etc. An act of terrorism spreads panic among the people so it can be said that the main purpose of terrorism is to spread panic in a particular area or throughout the country. The use of word terrorism has become very common after the act on World Trade Center on 11th September 2001. Terrorism is the most challenging issue which must be essentially controlled by law enforcing authorities or the intelligence agencies. The most destructive terrorists activities includes suicide and bomb blast, target killing and murder and so on that is done suddenly and secretly and offcorse it is the most fierce and horrible terrorism in which thousands of innocent people lost their lives. A very crowded spots which includes markets, buildings, properties and even religious buildings have been targeted by the terrorists. It is the most curse and most serious and sincere which must be strictly controlled and every one should take part in War against Terrorism to bring peace in all over the world. Terrorism is the systematic use of violent terror as a means of coercion. In the international community, terrorism has no legally binding, criminal law definition.[1][2] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism, though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group. The word terrorism is politically and emotionally charged,[3] and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of â€Å"terrorism†.[4][5] The concept of terrorism may be controversial as it is often used by state authorities (and individuals with access to state support) to delegitimize political or other opponents,[6] and potentially legitimize the states own use of armed force  against opponents (such use of force may be described as terror by opponents of the state).[6][7] Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations to further their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments.[8] An abiding characteristic is the indiscriminate use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. The symbolism of terrorism can leverage human fear to help achieve these goals.[9]

The Tarahumara People and Running :: Run Sports India Indians Essays

The Tarahumara People and Running For the people to whom running is a lifestyle, ultra marathon running seems an old phenomenon, one that has been a part of daily life since its beginnings. Running more than twenty-six miles a day seems a menial task to a Tarahumara, a daily chore, while to the Americans running next to them it is an all consu ming feat. These people, known world wide as "the running indians" have recently made their appearance in the ultra world and are showing everyone how easy running really is for them. As they breeze by the likes of Ann Trason and many respectable others, the questions mount. Who are they and how do they run so fast? There are currently about 50,000 Tarahumara living in the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico. They live in small isolated clusters with most the population concentrated in the Barranca del Cobre, or the Copper Canyon. The Tarahumara indians are part of the Uto-Aztecan indian lineage and are closely related to the Apaches of the Southwestern United States. The area of Northwest Mexico that the Tarahumara lives in is very rugged and unforgiving. The Barranca del Cobre is a chain of five very deep canyons surrounded by very tall mountains that reach almost a mile and a half above sea level. Three of the five canyons are deeper than the Grand Canyon of the United States. The area is different though because it receives much more rainfall and is covered with more vegetation. The terrain is very rugged, so much as to lead to the fact that the area has never been thoroughly mapped or explored (Lutz 66). The area is one of th e coldest in Mexico and soil conditions are very poor. It is because of this that the Tarahumara are semi-nomadic and are cave dwellers for part of the year. The statement that, "The Tarahumara may be the finest natural distance runners in the world", made by University of Arizona archeologist Michael Jenk inson, offers some insight into just how good the indians are at running (Lutz 21). The Tarahumara routinely run distances only covered by only the most advanced ultramarathon runners today. To these indians, running is more than sport, running is literally life. The Tarahumara live in very rugged land and travel by wagon or horses is usually impractical. Because of this, foot travel is more often than not the best option for getting from one place to another and it is usually the quickest.

Because of postmodernist changes in economic conditions

The current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry and therefore businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal processes in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage. In this respect, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal: differentiation, cost-minimization and focus (cited in Dess, 2007).Because of postmodernist changes in economic conditions, businesses have been globalizing their operations in order to implement the strategy of cost minimization. This is because in some countries lower labor costs reduce the cost of operations. This enables businesses to build a competitive advantage.However given the high state of competitive rivalry in the current business environment, achieving sustainability is the critical success factor. Strategies of differentiation, cost minimization and focus cannot meet this objective of achieving sustainability. In order to meet this objective, the top management ha s to build the right organizational culture.Organizations structures must adapt constantly to the changes taking place in the external environment. As a result, the process of managing change becomes a critical success factor in the organizational context. When it comes to managing change involving an IT project, the strategic alignment process becomes relevant.This alignment takes place between IT strategy, business strategy, organizational issues and information systems issues. Managing change is a difficult process because alignment with strategic focus must be maintained. Otherwise the value of managing change will have been lost.In this regard, the critical consideration is to minimize the level of employee resistance. Most change management projects fail because of employee resistance. However the management can avoid this problem by involving the employees in the process from the beginning. In this respect, building an organizational culture based on ownership, responsibility and accountability is the critical success factor.This enables the management to enhance employee motivation.According to Hammer & Champy 1994, the process of reengineering internal business processes is best facilitated through implementing the balanced scorecard methodology. This methodology becomes particularly relevant in the context of David Harvey’s account of post-modernity. According to David Harvey’s account of post-modernity, the process of international business has facilitated the high speed of labor mobility.This means that working conditions cannot be monitored sufficiently. This is because businesses are reengineering their internal business processes in terms of globalizing their operations. The balanced scorecard methodology views the organization from four perspectives: financial, customer, learning and growth, and internal business processes.The advantage in managing change under the framework of the balanced scorecard is that this process emphasize s the interconnectedness between different process chains. This facilitates the development of the project management team.Because the different process chains are interconnected, managing change means that more than one department will be affected. This enhances the complexities of managing change. However the management must maintain the continuous improvement program as a result of post-modernity as described by David Harvey.This is because the rising level of competitive rivalry forces businesses to seek new segments of the market in order to maximize shareholder wealth. This leads to the process of globalization. Normally this would increase the cost of production since the supply chain must be managed on an international basis.However in the context of post-modernity as described by David Harvey, the management in an international business can conduct the process of global segmentation in order to standardize operations across political boundaries. This facilitates the impleme ntation of the strategy of cost minimization.This confirms the need for business process reengineering as described by Hammer & Champy, 1994. As a result of this framework for strategy formulation, the competitive advantage becomes sustainable.One of the critical considerations when it comes to globalization is the need for delegation of authority. This is because consumer tastes and preferences vary across political boundaries. As a result, businesses have to vary their strategies in order to target the local market effectively. However the international business environment is characterized by a fast pace of change and therefore, local business units must be given the autonomy to formulate their own strategies.However these strategies must be in alignment with the corporate strategic focus. For this reason, delegation of authority must be supported by an efficient and effective world-wide communications structure. However in the business environment characterized by post-modernity , businesses have to reengineer their internal operations in order to meet the demands of consumerism.This standardizes demand patterns to some extent and as a result reduces the cost of operations. This also leads to the development of a sustainable competitive advantage.

Pinnacle Manufacturing Essay

1. External users’ reliance on financial statements External users rely heavily on the financial statement of Pinnacle Manufacturing. Although, Pinnacle manufacturing is a privately held company it incurs a large amount of debt. As a result potential users rely heavily on financial statements. Pinnacle is selling the machine tech division to focus on engine manufacturing, the company’s core operations. This causes buyers to also rely heavily on financial statements. In No. 6 the board chooses to finance the construction project mentioned in No. 4 by raising more debt. Again bringing focus to the Financial statements. Likelihood of financial difficulties The Solar Power engine business is focused on habitual transformation of technology, which makes the business riskier than other business and brings about a greater chance of bankruptcy. In No. 1, concerns are expressed about Pinnacle’s Solar-Electro Division. No. 9 identifies restrictive covenants. The requirements are to keep the current ratio above 2.0 and the debt-to-equity below 1.0. In Part I, the calculation of the current ratio fell below the requirement and thus the need for the loan. Management Integrity In No. 8 there is a significant turnover amongst higher-level positions. This turnover is possibly intentional and thus a greater chance for fraudulent activities. 2. No.1 – The acceptable audit risk is Medium. The auditor would have to prove that the articles are material. No. 6 – Pinnacle Manufacturing is a risky client and the auditors should check and verify each account. The acceptable audit risk is assessed as low. No. 8 – Management is  changing its internal audit team. New members would learn the company and the way the audits are done. The audit risk is low because auditors would not rely on management representation. No. 9 – Because the current ratio and debt-to-equity ratio are below the requirements management will constantly check to either increase or decrease current assets to meet criteria. Thus the audit risk is low.

Double circle problem

Double circle problem The double circle problem would require a creative divergent thinking approach. This is a type of thinking that results in the production of several ideas from one single entity. All the ideas may not be workable, but from amongst them, one can find a new and refreshing solution. It requires ‘thinking outside the box’ since the conventional route will not yield desired results.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Double circle problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the case of the double-circle problem, one is required to draw two parallel circles- one small one inside a large one- without lifting the writing instrument. Clearly, this is not a problem that one can solve using conventional methods of thinking. One needs to consider all possible ways of handling the problem. The instructions state that one cannot lift one’s pen, but they do not state that one cannot rearrange one’s paper. T hrough creative thinking, one immediately realizes that the problem is easily solvable when one changes the paper. Therefore, one can start by drawing the inner circle; that is, start with a line from one point and then go round and back to the starting point. After drawing this first inner circle, one should keep the writing instrument (pen) at the starting point and then use the other hand to fold the paper on which one is drawing the diagram. It should be noted that for this method to work, one should draw the circles near any of the four corners of the paper. After folding one corner of the paper into a triangular shape, the tip of the fold should meet the pen or drawing instrument. One can then move the pen outward through the folded bit and when one gets to the unfolded part, one can draw a bigger circle around the small one. However, this will leave some space, in the outer circle, equal to the folded bit. To overcome this problem, one should unfold the corner (while still keeping the pen on the paper) and then complete the outer circle. Types of organizational problems that require this type of thinking Organizations often deal with scenarios where they have to solve difficult problems even after exhausting all logical avenues. In such scenarios, they will need to use creative thinking to get out of such dilemmas. For instance when a battery manufacturing company has made and sold a whole line of batteries that leak, it could face the possibility of loosing all its clients owing to this error. However, if members of the firm think of creative ways to correct the problems, then they can turn that disastrous event into an insignificant one. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They may think about changing the name of the battery and recalling all the faulty ones. Besides this, they can implement a new quality system and then remarket th e new ones as fault proof. Additionally, organizations require creative thinking when introducing new products in the market or when starting up. Entrepreneurs use divergent thinking methods in order to determine new ways of generating value from available resources. One person may look at stockings and think of nothing new about them; however, the entrepreneur may create something significantly different by introducing stockings with an additional leg that can be folded and tucked between the other two legs when one is wearing them. The third, folded one can be exchanged for a torn one when the situation arises. Such a person has introduced something significantly different, and he or she can only do that when using divergent creative thinking. In addition to solving difficult organizational problems and starting new businesses, companies can also use creative thinking when introducing new products. IBM introduced its 1981 PC to the market by letting its engineers create a comple tely different computer using a series of start up materials. As a result, this model revolutionized the computer industry and made the PC a mass product.

The Worlds 14 Most Haunted Cemeteries

The World's 14 Most Haunted Cemeteries Cemeteries around the world have gained a reputation for being haunted by ghosts for many reasons, including grave robbery, unmarked or forgotten burials, natural disasters that disturb resting places, or sometimes even because the deceased was not properly buried at all. Add all of that to the fact that graveyards are often dark, somber places and youve got the perfect setting for a ghost or two. Come explore some of the worlds most haunted cemeteries...but dont forget to hold your breath as you drive by, or you might breathe in the spirit of someone who has recently died! St. Louis Cemetery No. 1New Orleans, Louisiana Multiple ghosts are said to haunt the famous St. Louis Cemetery No. 1 in New Orleans, but one ghost dominates the others - Marie Laveau, the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. The ornate cemetery is the oldest cemetery in New Orleans - a place of ornate above-ground tombs and mausoleums, winding footpaths and crumbling memorials. Old Western Burial GroundBaltimore, Maryland The Old Western Burial Ground in Baltimore is the final resting place of Edgar Allan Poe, fifteen generals from the Revolutionary War and War of 1812, and other famous individuals. Part of the graveyard can now only be accessed by way of catacombs below Westminster Presbyterian Church where ghosts are said to walk... Resurrection CemeteryChicago, Illinois One of Americas favorite ghost stories is the tale of the vanishing hitchhiker, Resurrection Mary. Resurrection Cemetery, located in Justice, Illinois, has been home to this famous spirit since the 1930s. The famous burned and twisted bars at the gate of Resurrection Cemetery were removed to discourage onlookers Rookwood CemeterySydney, Australia Close to one million people lie in the beautiful, Victorian Rookwood Cemetery in Sydney, but it is the grave of the notorious Davenport Brothers, famous spiritualists, that is said to attract ghosts to the necropolis. Stull CemeteryStull, Kansas The quiet Stull Cemetery located between Topeka and Kansas City, in the town of Stull, Kansas, is listed by many haunting guides as one of the Seven Portals to Hell and one of the most haunted cemeteries in America. Steven Jansen, director of the Watkins Community Museum of History thinks the legends started as a fraternity prank in the 1970s, however, and have no basis in truth. The locals do their best to deter visitors on Halloween due to repeated vandalism in the cemetery, and it is even said that a local knocked down the burned-out church on the property - site of the supposed gateway to hell. Paris Catacombs  Paris, France Listed by many among the worlds most haunted places, the Paris Catacombs,  buried deep beneath the streets of Paris, hold the bones of over six million French dead, interred in the empty limestone quarries from 1785 through the 1800s. With so many bones stacked up everywhere you look, it seems impossible to believe that ghosts dont exist. Bachelors Grove Cemetery Chicago, IllinoisThis abandoned Chicago burial ground is the subject of numerous legends and ghostly tales. More than 100 different reports of strange phenomena at Bachelors Grove Cemetery have been collected, including actual apparitions, unexplained sights and sounds, and even glowing balls of light. El Campo Santo Cemetery San Diego, CaliforniaThe now-restored 1849 Roman Catholic burial ground known as El Campo Santo Cemetery  is a popular place for ghost sightings. Some of the graves here were covered over by a street, and others have been desecrated over the years, reportedly leaving the residents restless. Greenwood Cemetery Decatur, IllinoisOne of the most famous haunted cemeteries in the midwest, Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur, Illinois, is the site of numerous ghost stories and legends. The Civil War section is the most famous, said to be haunted by the ghosts of Confederate prisoners. Hollywood Forever Cemetery Los Angeles, CaliforniaFormerly known as Hollywood Memorial Park, this Los Angeles, California, cemetery to the stars is reportedly haunted by starlet Virginia Rappe, who allegedly died after a night of debauchery with comedian Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle. Clifton Webb is also reported to haunt his mausoleum at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, and a Lady in Black is often seen in front of Rudolph Valentinos crypt. Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery Columbus, OhioFresh flowers often mysteriously appear on the grave of a Confederate soldier who is buried at Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery, believed to have been left behind by the famous Lady in Gray, The ghostly widow, who has been seen walking among the tombstones, lost her husband at the ​Confederate prison camp which existed on this spot during the Civil War. Silver Cliff Cemetery Silver Cliff, ColoradoGhost sightings in the haunted Silver Cliff Cemetery date back to the 1880s. Ghosts of pioneers are believed to be the cause of the blue balls of light that float over the graves. Stepp Cemetery Bloomington, IndianaA number of eerie legends and tales of paranormal activity have arisen from Stepp Cemetery, one of the most famous haunted cemeteries in the state of Indiana. The story is always a ghostly woman sitting watch over a gravesite, but the origins of the woman and her story seem to vary with each teller of the tale. Union Cemetery   Easton, ConnecticutA favorite cemetery for ghost photographers, Union Cemetery is most famous for the White Lady who has been seen by many walking through the cemetery at night. Other ghosts, including Indian spirits, are also said to haunt the graveyard.

Renren website Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Renren website - Term Paper Example One such example is the social networking websites. It not only embraced large number of users, but also has been able to grab the attention of the marketers. This is the reason why we find several social networking websites operating in the market place. Nowadays organizations around the world make substantial investments in the social networking platforms and utilize it as a promotional medium. The report will therefore mainly focus on the happenings of social networking world. In this regards the Chinese social networking giant Renren will be used as the social networking website. Furthermore the report also proposes to offer a comparative analysis of Renren and Facebook. Now since the report will follow a ‘funnel format’, it will commence after defining the broader terms. Once the broader terms have been illuminated, the report will shed light on the main discussion area. The discussion area will therefore cover various aspects of Renren such as its risks, threats, o pportunities, strengths, weaknesses, competitors etc. Most importantly, the marketing aspect of social media and Renren will be also emphasized. The discussion part will end after comparing Renren with Facebook. Finally the report will conclude and will also offer few recommendations. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Social networking: A brief Overview 4 An introduction to Renren 4 An Introduction to Facebook 5 Discussion 5 SWOT Analysis 6 Risk Factors 7 Sources of Revenue 7 Competitor Analysis 8 Consumer Analysis 9 The Marketing aspect of Social Media and Renren 9 Renren Marketing Aspects 10 Differences between Facebook and Renren 11 Application Differences 11 Interface Differences 12 Recommendations 13 Conclusion 13 Introduction The concept of internet was initiated in the early 1950s when the electronic computers were developed. After the introduction it passed through various development stages and finally was commercialized in the year 1992 (Majumdar, Cave & Vogelsang, 2005, p. 346). The primary rationale behind the commercialization of internet was to enable the users to share information and resources over the networks. Also communication was an important aspect of the internet. Once it got commercialized, human being witnessed the rapid growth and use of internet throughout the world (Reynolds, 2004, p.5). The rapid expansion most occurred in parts such as Australia and Europe. They were the earliest adopters of internet. Since the year 1990 interned has been able to impact the daily life to a large extant. Mostly the culture and the trading activities were highly impacted. Some of the important applications of internet include instant messaging, e-mail, two-way interactive video calls, phone calls, social networking, World Wide Web with its conversation forums, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) blogs, and online shopping. Thus internet has now become important in all the facets of civic, political and social life. Among the aforementioned application , social networking has been able to drive huge number of users towards them. Hence before proceeding towards the main discussion of the project, a brief overview of social networking is presented below. Social networking: A brief Overview A social networking service is based on providing services through online platforms. Social networking services are also the websites that helps to build social relationship among the people. In

A Comparison of Moon River Breakfast at Tiffany's Essay

A Comparison of Moon River Breakfast at Tiffany's - Essay Example This essay focuses on ‘Breakfast at Tiffany's', that is a 1961 American film starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. Also in the cast are Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney. It was directed by Blake Edwards and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is loosely based on the novella of the same name by Truman Capote. The screenplay was written by playwright and screenwriter George Axelrod, perhaps best known for his play, The Seven Year Itch. This essay not only describes the plot of a movie, it's actors and creators, but also explores the role of music in the film. The researcher compares three versions of one song, named Moon River in the essay - version sung by Andy Williams, version of Moon River sung by Audrey Hepburn and version of Moon River in the original soundtrack. The researcher then gives comparison and analysis of the recordings. Criteria that he used are the following: overall style, tempo, dynamics, instrumentation and expression of each one recording. In conclusion, the researches states that among these 3 different versions, he believes that the Williams version was the most successful. It begins at a more lively speed than the others, and the performer sings the lyrics strongly and meaningfully. He continues that way until the conclusion of the song. The artist follows the description of a satisfying finish to a song as described by Deborah Stein in a 2005 essay: ‘The strongest ending ,’ she says, ‘is the full, or authentic cadence.’

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Response paper - Essay Example She, therefore, brings about a difference in all the companies she works. In this aspect, she has been referred to as a go-getter as she usually feels reader for any opportunity that is presented before her. As the Levendary cafà © wishes to move its operation to China, it is important for her as the Chief Executive Officer to realize that China is a different country with a different culture than that of America. She does it well by studying the cafes that operate in china (Bartlett and Han). She should manage Louis Chen, who is the compatriot manager in China and the company’s subsidiary in China using the same framework. The only changes she should make is to incorporate the cultural foods that are popular in china and offer some management thoughts to the indigenous people. These changes will help subsidiary cafes to grow fast in China since they will feel Levendary becomes part of Chinese

Mass Media And Youth Culture Criminology Essay

Mass Media And Youth Culture Criminology Essay Mass media plays an important role in shaping youth culture. As we all know, the Internet, television, radio, newspapers, magazines and other forms of mass media have been integrated into the lives of youths today. The Internet provides a powerful platform for the youths to learn more about what is happening around the world. However, the mass amount of information that it distributes may be both positive and negative to the youths. Not too long ago, Teen who stared at group slashed to death (The Star/Asia News, November 02, 2010, p.1) made its way to the headlines which threw Singapores public security into jeopardy. The display of physical aggression is what causes moral decay in youths nowadays. Domestic violence and peer pressure are the key factors in influencing the youths to display signs of physical aggression while the Internet only plays a minor part. In this essay, I further expound on how the Internet, domestic violence and peer pressure can lead to physical aggression am ong youths today. Internet has widened the youths channels of absorbing information and knowledge, but it includes decadent information which may eventually spread violence among youths. Website such as YouTube, a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos, allows youth to come into contact with videos containing violent acts easily. (Hopkins, J. 2006.) Online video games also play a significant role in influencing the youths to develop violent behavior. For example, Counter-Strike, one of the so-called killers games where the gamer plays through the eyes of a heavily armed character and kills as many enemies as possible. The display of violence in the game such as using a knife to stab the head of an enemy can be imitated by youths to kill relentlessly. The outburst of sources containing violence from various means has intensified the juvenile crime situation, causing variations in crime types, methods and results. In the 1980s, juvenile crime generally involves theft and fights. In the 2000s, juvenile crime progressed on to banded robbery, major theft even disengaged murder, armed robbery, arson etc. (Georgia, 1992.) The research shows that serious criminal offences have been markedly worsen. However, the fault does not lie with the Internet, just like water can float a boat, so can it swallow the ship. The excessive amount of information involving violence distributed by the Internet plays only a minor role in guiding the youths to develop violent behavior. However, domestic violence and peer pressure plays a huge part. First of all, parents are their childrens first teacher, which is why what we are just like a mirror reflection of our parents. As the saying goes, Monkey see, monkey do. If a parent is violent, it would not be surprising if his or her child takes after his violent nature. Therefore, domestic violence is undoubtedly the number one factor which causes youths to develop violent behavior. The domestic violence mainly refers to physical abuse. Each year, an estimated 3.3 million children are exposed to violence from their mothers, babysitters or by family members. (American Psychological Association, 1996.) Youths are highly vulnerable to fear, anxiety and pessimism if they have been witnessing family abuse or even experiencing physical abuse from their parents since they were young. Children may suffer from self-abasement or even get isolated from his peers and affect their academic results and daily life. If the situation becomes severe, there will be at a greater risk of runaway youth s or youths committing criminal acts. Youths will get the wrong message that it iss okay to abuse other people or let others hurt them. Research done by Browne and Angela (1987) shows that a third of all children who see their mothers being physically abused develop emotional problems, and that boys who see their fathers physically abuse their mothers are ten times more likely to be abusive in their future marriages. Boys who witness family violence are more likely to batter their female partners as adults, and girls who witness their mothers abuse have a higher rate of being battered as adults. These common sense observations are facts, not myths. (Ewing Charles Patrick, 1987) It is undeniable that domestic violence is the major factor which has caused the youths to develop violent behavior. Another one of the major factors that lead to teenage violence behavior will be peer pressure. Peer pressure may be especially strong during adolescence. (Kate Havelin, 2000) Teenagers at this stage are easily influenced by their peers. For example, you may decide to buy a same brand of bag that your friends have. Such behavior does not seem to exude anything, but it is a sign of getting on the bandwagon. For example, one of your friends might persuade you to join his gang after you have been bullied by someone else and that, only by being in a gang, can you take revenge. Matt Monteverde (2008) stated that youths cannot resist the temptation of peer pressure. Many youths who experienced physical abuse from their peers often worry that they may get into hot soup if they inform the teacher or parents about the abuse. We should deal with violence among youths thoroughly, or else a wrong message will be spread across to youths that Violence can be accepted. Peer pressure can cause the vi ctim to gradually believe that I should be the victim of violence and submit to humiliation. Eventually, peer pressure would worsen the situation of violence among the youths and severity of upgrades. The Internet, domestic violence and peer pressure have indeed formed a vicious circle that reinforces itself through a feedback loop. Firstly, the Internet has gradually becoming a huge platform for the young victims of domestic violence to spread and share their resentment with others. As mentioned before, that youths can easily upload, share, and view videos involving violence on website such as YouTube or Facebook. Children who view media violence are said to be more likely to have increased feelings of hostility, decreased emotional response to the portrayal of violence and injury that lead to violent behavior. The Academy of Pediatrics says More than one thousand scientific studies and reviews conclude that significant exposure to media violence increases the risk of aggressive behavior in certain children, desensitizes them to violence and makes them believe that the world is a meaner and scarier place than it is. (Aimee.T, 2003) If youths start to think that this kind of viole nce is acceptable, then these thoughts are often difficult to change in rest of their life. Then eventually can lead to domestic violence in the future. In turn, youths who experience domestic violence will use violence on their peers through imitation. Many victims were been forced to remain silent for the pain that they endured. Therefore the only simple way for them to voice out their anguish is again, through social net working sites such as Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter. Lastly, the three factors will form a vicious circle and resulting in more youths been influenced to develop violent behaviour. Eventually, why domestic violence and peer pressure are the major cause of developing violence among youths is because what they bring to the youths is only the negative impacts. The effect of domestic violence is absolutely negative towards youths. For peer pressure, although it affects youths to develop negative behaviors, the competition among the peers can be a kind of motivation power sometimes. Finally, what the Internet can benefits us are more than enough to cover the blemish it has left on developing violence among youths. For example, Dawn Smith stated (2010) Internet games can help children focus. Youths who have Attention Deficit Disorder, or ADD, can actually sit for longer periods of time to play some of their favorite games. Not only does this help them keep focus, it also teaches them patience. In fact, the Internet has plays an important role in preventing and educating people about domestic violence. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence of USA has held a n conference in last year regarding the issue about: using online technology to advance the movement to end domestic violence. Their main goal was to let the public get to know more about domestic violence around them and learn how to stop the extension of such cases through social net working sites. By using the power of social net working sites, it became extremely easy to share and spread information to help the victims worldwide. In conclusion, the Internet plays an important role in shaping youth culture but it is not the main cause of violence among youths. This is because domestic violence and peer pressure contribute much more negative impacts that influencing the youths to develop violent behavior compare to the Internet. Therefore, I conclude that the Internet is not the main cause of developing violence among youths.

The Dam Debate :: Environmental John Muir Ecology Essays

The Dam Debate In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, John Muir, a naturalist, and Marsden Manson, an engineer for the city of San Francisco, engaged in a heated debate over the construction of a dam in Hetchy Hetchy Valley. Muir wanted to preserve nature for the future, so he objected to the dam because he felt it would destroy the beauty of the area. On the other hand, Manson believed building a dam would provide water and electricity to the thousands of people who lived in the city of San Francisco, and this would preserve the well being of the human race for the future. Both men had good points and arguments to support their views; however, in the end you have to look out for your own kind. If there is a choice about the well being of the human race or nature, I believe there is only once choice to be made – the future support of the human race. John Muir supported saving Hetchy Hetchy Valley for several reasons. He believed building a dam would close the area to the public and restrict access for people to enjoy the outdoors through camping, hiking, or just getting in touch with nature (Muir). Manson, however, believed that there was more need to provide a future source of water and electricity to the tens of thousands of people who lived in the city during that time (Manson). It is possible that Manson saw the influx of people moving to San Francisco and knew the population would explode over the years and thus, saw the need for preserving some basic essential needs for human survival. He felt that preserving nature for a few hundred people who might go hiking or camping was far less important than preserving the human race. We all know that electricity is not an essential need to survive, because people have lived by fire and candlelight for centuries, but water is essential to survival. Another argument that was discussed was building a dam would exclude the public to the watershed above the dam. This was only partially true because it would only be closed for about three and a half months of the year. Yosemite Valley had been doing this for decades to keep Tuolumne Meadows clean. Closing the area for a brief time as Yosemite Valley does would be for the same reason – to keep the watershed clean.

The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy

Abstract The Great Recession of 2007-8 has exposed the inherent weakness of the Western economies, whose growth had been fuelled on heavy indebtedness. This dissertation intends to broach the implications of the Great Recession of 2007-8 by applying the theoretical concepts related to the notion of hegemony in order to determine to what extent there is a geopolitical shift in favour of China, pursuant to the decline of the United States. The dissertation also utilizes the theory of economic crisis in order to ascertain the implications of the Great Recession and corroborate the idea of a hegemonic shift to the East. Objectives The dissertation seeks to intervene in a central debate of our times in the field of Political Economy of International Relations: the possible decline of United States’ â€Å"hegemony† and a possible shift of hegemony towards East Asia, especially China, given East Asia’s growing role in the world economy. This trend has exacerbated since the onset of the Great Recession of 2007-8. Using the theoretical framework of hegemony, I intend to find out to which extent the universalisation of the economic superstructure renders the notion of American hegemony obsolete. A Marxian model of interpretation can potentially shed light into the reasons which China, with competitive advantages that vastly exceed those of the United States will continue to accumulate power and establish itself as the new hegemon. Research questions What is the best way to conceptualise hegemony at the international level in the context of the Great Recession of 2007-8? What elements have to be analysed in order to assess hegemony shifts in Capitalist Global Political EconomyHow does this apply to the crisis 2007-2008? What are the signs that American power decliningWhat are the potential implications of that decline? Did the Great Recession of 2007-8 create an irretrievable hegemonic shift towards the Pacific? Theoretical framework The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first is theoretical and discusses the notion of hegemony at the international level. The second part elaborates on the theory of crises. The way in which hegemony has been conceptualised by influential authors such as Arrighi, Cox, Organski and Kindleberger is critically examined. In particular, the dissertation proposes a re-reading of Gramsci stressing the role of nation states and both elements, coercion and consensus, in the exercise of hegemony. Concerning crises, the dissertation seeks to elaborate an integral and organic theory of economic crises based on Marx, contrasting the latter with recently developed neo-Marxist perspectives, such as the ones espoused by David Harvey and Ernest Mandel. Methodology The method for tackling this dissertation will involve a theoretical treatment of hegemony and the causes of economic crisis. Within that particular methodological framework, I intend to analyse the Great Recession of 2007-8 and its implications for the shift taking place, with the transfer of hegemonic power from the United States to China. Chapter one will be a treatment of the theoretical sources dealing with the notion of ‘hegemony’, as applied to shifts in the international political system. Chapter two deals with the nature of economic crises and long economic cycles, as applied to the hegemonic shift taking place. Chapter three will examine the hegemonic shift taking place as a result of the Great Recession of 2007-8 and how the next long cycle could favour the transition from a US-dominated system to a Chinese-dominated one. I intend to use primary sources which will corroborate the economic and political decline of the United States as well as the rise of China, and analyse my findings through the prism of the Great Recession of 2007-8. I will also utilise theoretical material (as outlined above) in order to examine to what extent there is a hegemonic shift taking place within the context of the ongoing economic crisis of the United States and the West. Literature review Robert Cox uses the Gramscian notion of hegemony in order to expose the structures which arise from shifts in the organisation of the international economy. These structures are kept through consensual and coercive power relations. These power relations are marked by ideological practices which give it an aura of normality, therefore establishing a particular cultural hegemony. Significantly, Cox argued that although specific states may be the bearers of hegemony, at its most fundamental level the term relates to the rooting of a set of elites in different countries that acknowledge certain essential principle on the international economy (Cox in Gill, S. (Ed.), 1993: 42). According to Arrighi, hegemony becomes the added power that a dominant class has as a result of being able to universalise the issues which are capable of leading to conflict (Arrighi in Gill, S. (Ed.), 1993: 148). A state capable of exercising hegemony if it is able to lead the international political system in a particular direction and it is perceived by other states as pursuing the interests of the international community. However, the dominant state could also be interested in leading other countries into their own way of economic development (Arrighi, 1990: 367). Arrighi argues that the competition for resources that promoted the capitalist expansion of the European economy into the wider world is structural rather than conjunctural. Its strength resides in the ability to provoke creative destructions motivated by economic crises, giving rise to the technological breakthroughs that have sustained the process of globalisation (Arrighi, 1998: 128). Organski describes the rise of a hegemonic order in a situation in which powerful nations as well as middle and minor powers accept the given distribution of power and wealth and adhere to the same guidelines when it comes to diplomacy and commerce (Organski, 1969: 354). The international order that arises achieves its legitimacy through the ideology which underpins the ‘power differentials’ between the different states. When a power shift occurs, it may be accompanied by conflict amongst the great powers. This would very much depend on whether the challenger seeks to overhaul the rules of the game in the international political system (Organski, 1969: 354). Gilpin operates with a more deterministic notion of hegemonic cycles, positing that the resolution of a hegemonic war represents the start of another period of growth and eventual decline of a great power (Gilpin, 1981: 210). Kindleberger argues that the need to have a hegemon stems from the idea that only a domina nt power can provide collective goods. He maintains that the main danger that the international political faces is not the existence of too much power accumulated in one single hegemon but the presence of too many free riding states unwilling to exercise authority (Kindleberger, 1981: 253). Gramsci re-examines the Marxian model by positing that the cultural and political ‘base’ of a particular society is necessarily informed by the economic superstructure. The base includes categories such as the legal system, the prevailing ideology, the political make-up of the state and the cultural values of society. These categories are not involved in the production of goods but legitimate the ways in which the productive forces shape society: through surplus value extraction. Gramsci finds that the power of the dominant class goes far beyond the competencies of the state as it extends to the civil society, via institutions like schools, the press and cultural practices. The dominant class maintains hegemony by coopting the civil society, which is imbued with a particular ideology which ensures that the political status quo remains anchored in society and that it legitimates the way the productive forces operate (Holub, 1992: 103). Marx attributed the emergence of economic crises to the tendency of the rate of profit to fall (Marx, 1863). The requirement to provide the workforce with survival wages put limits on the exchange value of the labour capacity. This limits the surplus labour time and surplus value needed for the accumulation of profits. There is a requirement that capital be transformed in consumption, therefore placing another burden on the process of production. Limitations on the production of use value by the requirement to create exchange value and the requisite of private profit before the satisfaction of social needs means that there will be overproduction. Capitalism attempts to create the conditions to resolve the inner contradictions of capitalism, such as the creation of a credit system. However, according to Marxist theory, crises are temporarily resolved until a higher level of economic crisis is attained (McCarthy, 1990: 240). One of the ideas which Harvey puts forward in relation to the rise of neoliberal forms of globalisation is the policy of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, resulting in the centralisation of economic wealth and political power in the hands of a very reduced number of people through policies of dispossession. These policies imply stripping the publics of access to wealth. More precisely, ‘accumulation by dispossession’ entails the practice of financialisation, privatisation, upward state redistribution and the manipulation of crises. Harvey’s work is notably linked in an indirect manner to the ideas postulated by prominent public intellectuals of the Left such as Naomi Klein and Noam Chomsky, who also highlight the symbiosis between accumulation (upwards) and dispossession (downwards). These ideas seem to hark back to the classical Marxian template of a dialectic between the owners of the means of production and those who sell their labour at a fraction of its cost, living permanently in the ‘realm of necessity’ (Harvey, 2005). Mandel maintains the base/superstructure Gramscian symbiosis in its analysis of hegemonic relations in the post-World War Two era, claiming that it ushered in a ‘long-wave’ economic cycle of growth. The working class had been weakened by the effects of Fascism, which focused on the cooperation of the different social classes, and World War Two. Technology had increased the rate of profit, which produced impressive economic growth and accumulation of capital. Drawing on Gramsci, Mandel claims that it is impossible for the working class to capture civil society from a ‘war of position’ as this would lead to reformism instead of creating true change. Any attempt to seize the control of society must be done using a ‘war of maneouvre’. The working class, as a subject of social change, is not capable to capture society in a hegemonic way, as it has always been economically and culturally disenfranchised. Any revolutionary process of change must be dec isively quick. A drawn-out conflict would inevitably lead to an accommodation with the bourgeoisie (Mandel, 1995: 28). The theory of economic crisis is linked to the notion of ‘hegemony’ in its political aspects. Transformations taking place in the international economy, particularly those of the magnitude of the Great Recession of 2007-8, have the potential to create a fracture in the hegemonic order constituted after the end of the Cold War. To be sure, there is a process of political and economic convergence which arises out of the increased level of interconnectedness amongst states. This process of harmonisation has been marshalled by the marriage between democracy and the free market orientation typical of the American political personality which emerged amidst the triumphalist furore of the early 1990s (Fukuyama, 1992: 338). This emerging geostrategic situation steered the hegemonic path taken by the United States towards an expansion of its political personality to the wider world. The Great Recession of 2007-8 created a situation in which the tenets which sustained that hegemon y have been broken. China and the ‘Rest’ (i.e., the non-Western world) have been growing at a healthy rate whilst the West is still mired in an economic crisis which does not seem to have an end. This dissertation will endeavour to united both theoretical frameworks in order to determine to what extent the economic crisis will induce a change of hegemonic order. The most crucial aspect to be analysed is whether China will be able to rework the notion of ‘hegemony’ (which is a Western concept) in order to emerge as a potential challenger to the American dominion over the international order. The Great Recession of 2007-8 will potentially undermine the American military capabilities, which is the main element to be considered in the analysis of a putative hegemonic shift in favour of China. In addition, China seems to be interested in propping up its military capabilities. However, its geopolitical emphasis seems to be on forging commercial links with the Res t, rather than launching a frontal hegemonic challenge against the United States (Jacques, 2009: 22). Case study – The Great Recession of 2007-8 One of my research questions explores the possibility that the Great Recession of 2008 created a hegemonic shift towards the Pacific, specifically China. In some respects, the first stage of globalisation (1990-2008) was successful in creating an extensive network of international governance. The end of bipolarity gave rise to the ability to interconnect mankind by electronic means (personal computers, internet, fast processing of data). Globalisation has also created a uniformity of ideology amongst the nations, such as the concept of liberal democracy and free markets (Dilly, 1992: 59) Although some countries deviated from the norm of untrammelled capitalism after the localised financial crises of the 1990s (Russia, Argentina, etc), by and large there has been a trend towards ideological harmonisation, which also includes a growing concern for human rights. This is true for many countries, notably first world ones. The first stage of globalisation created an interdependence that in ternationalised production and consumption. Whilst the outsourcing of production created benefits for consumers, it also rendered nations incapable of protecting their resources, which are now shared with the rest of the world through its management by transnational economic interests, and managed their economy for the benefit of its populations. As Bobbitt argues, the market-state ushered in by globalisation has as its main purpose the maximisation of opportunities for its citizens instead of protecting their welfare (Bobbitt, 2002: 347). Since economic considerations have overtaken political ones, the increase rate of capitalist profit in the East means that China will continue to accumulate power due to its strategic competitive advantages, lower wages, a young labour force and a huge internal market. The challenges posed by the Great Recession exceed the capacity of individual states to be able to defend themselves. There is no nation, in the incipient stage of globalisation, which can act as steward and caretaker of the system. For example, the total flow of capital in the derivative industries vastly exceeds the size of the major economies of the world like the United States, the European Union and China ($531 tn as of September 2008). In addition, the first state of globalisation was chaotic, horizontal and disorderly. Globalisation brought in many positive elements for the world population, but also created many negative offshoots, which territorial states cannot possibly tackle on their own. The effects of global warming and natural resources degradation, the spread of disease, nuclear proliferation, humanitarian catastrophes and the threat of terrorism has one the one hand exposed the vulnerability of nation-states and created the need for common global action by supranati onal institutions that significantly erode their political sovereignty (Basch, L. et al, 1993: 67) The imperial overstrech that the United States suffers from has resulted in the accumulation of massive debts, which now total more than 100% of its GDP. In addition, its economy is about to be overtaken by China, which is still growing at very high rates (Jacques, 2009: 139). The second stage of globalisation will result in the erosion of hegemonic power of the United States. The Great Recession of 2008 provides an opportunity to recreate the global financial and economic structure as well as create more centralised supranational governance, as seen in the rise of the G20. One of the ways in which the crisis keeps melting down the political sovereignty of the nation-states is seen in the depreciation of the US dollar (the international reserve currency) due to the indiscriminate printing of money (Jansson, 2001: 44). One of the ways in which the second stage of globalisation could bring in a world-state is through the creation of currency harmonisation, possibly based on special drawing rights. The increased indebtedness of nations also harmonises the system towards a world-state, since the nation-state has to rely on a debt-based economy. The socialisation of banking losses through taxpayers’ dollars is also another variable to be reckoned with. The increased fragility of the system at local level creates greater opportunity for extra-national and supranational intervention. To be sure, the role of the nation-state has not gone away. However, their role is subordinated to the requirements of this increasingly emerging extraterritorial financial and economic structure. The reaction to this emerging harmonisation towards a world-state is already being seen in the different arrangements made between BRICS nations and commodity-rich countries seeking to replace the dollar as a medium of exchange (Suominen, 2012: 33) In turn, this will end up hurting the most powerful sovereign nation, which will find it increasingly difficult to maintain military hegemony without the ability to print out as many dollars as it needs. The erosion of political sovereignty as a result of the Great Recession of 2008 and the reaction to it by the ‘Second World’ goes hand in hand with the idea of privatisation of economic power, managed at supranational and extraterritorial level by powerful private concerns (Khanna, 2008: 41). These supranational concerns are in the process of setting up their own regulatory schemes, imposed on individual territorial states, which are finding it increasingly difficult to resist them. My preliminary findings show that the realignment of economic international systems is the main conduit by which harmonisation leading to an hegemonic shift in favour of China will be activated. In addition, there is a definite reaction by what I would call the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation bloc (notably China and Russia, but also the likes of India and Iran). The harmonisation process is proceeding apace in the West. This reaction in the Second World is generating its own kind of harmonisation. The political sovereignty of nations could also be further impaired by the conflict that will arise as a result of it. Trying to eliminate the logic of anarchy brings with it the possibility of conflict. A s Schmitt put it, the political cannot exist outside the realm of conflict. It is expected that the United States will not let China accumulate the necessary military capabilities in order to establish itself as the new hegemon. Preliminary findings There are several factors which enables us to think that a hegemonic transition is taking place. A massive, imposing display of Chinese-constructed fighter aircraft and other military equipment was used to commemorate the 60th anniversary of communist China’s founding, on 1 October, 2009. At the same time, China’s space industry was rapidly burgeoning and continuing to develop. Along with the fact that the Chinese economy continued to expand during a global recession and a rising position on the world political stage, these technological advances indicate China’s movement towards the status of a world superpower. While the rest of the world struggled in 2009, the Chinese economy exemplified a remarkable flexibility in returning to significant growth. The Chinese government attributes this economic resilience to China’s blend of communism with capitalism, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach taken by the West (Guthrie, 1999: 122). In early 2009, a migration of millions of workers from urban areas to rural locales resulted from the closure of factories that produced exports on the east coast and south coast of China. The steep price of fuel and food had put pressure on household budgets in 2008, and in order to halt inflation, stringent financial and credit policies were set in place. These policies caused the construction industry to dip, as well as a slump in the property market. In response, the Chinese government created a stimulus package in November 2008 that was worth 4 trillion yuan (about $586 billion). Approximately 50% of the stimulus package was set aside for improving infrastructure, such as railways and airports, primarily in rural regions, while a further 25% was designated for the Sichuan province, which had been severely affected by a May 2008 earthquake and was in need of rebuilding. Banks were ordered to increase lending, and the result was a 164% upsurge of loans in the first three quarters of 2009. This facilitated a rebound of the economy, which occurred far more quickly than in other countries. (Wright, 2010: 221). Additionally, the latter part of the year saw the recovery of exports, which set China up to overtake Germany as the top exporter world-wide. As a result, speculation grew as to whether China could reclaim the dominant position that it once held prior to the early 1800s, at which time it provided roughly one third of manufacturing in the world, compared to just 25% of manufacturing in the West. This outcome was rendered more probably by a trade deal with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations that transpired at the end of the year. As the world’s largest creditor, China had a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship with the U.S., the globe’s biggest debtor, that had become vital in the effort to rebalance the global economy. Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) issued a statement on 23 March 2009 th at called for an international currency that would replace the U.S. dollar as the primary global currency and would remain unattached to individual countries; he argued that this currency would have increased stability over time. The People’s Bank of China also proposed that Special Drawing Rights, which were designed in 1969 by the IMF for utilisation between international institutions and governments, might be employed on a wider scale and used as payment in international finance and trade transactions. This would reduce fluctuations in price and the risks associated with these fluctuations. The initiative was made again at the yearly Group of Eight (G-8) summit that took place in Italy in July 2009. Delegates from China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa (also known as the â€Å"Group of Five) were also invited to the summit, where China, along with India and Russia (a G-8 member) called for an overhaul of the global financial system and a halt to dollar domination. In the latter part of September 2009, the president of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick, cautioned that the U.S. dollar faced an increasing threat due to the rising force of both the euro and the Chinese yuan. At this juncture China had surpassed Japan as the main creditor of the U.S.; there were concerns coming from Beijing that the $800.5 billion value of U.S. Treasury securities, along with other assets that constituted 60% of China’s foreign-exchange reserves and 30% of foreign-exchange reserves globally, would be attenuated by American debt and decreasing confidence in the U.S. dollar. China presented a temporary solution, which was to resist purchasing U.S. Treasury stock and, more significantly, to advocate the utilisation of the yuan as a world currency. (Kim, 2010: 49). Bibliography Arrighi, G., Capitalism and the Modern World-System: Rethinking the Non-debates of the 1970’s Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 21, No. 1 (1998), pp. 113-129 Arrighi, G. The Three Hegemonies of Historical Capitalism, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Volume 13, Number 3 (Summer, 1990), pp. 365-408 Basch, L. et al (1993) Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Gordon and Breach, London Bobbitt, Philip (2002) The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History. New York, Alfred Knopf Bryson, J. Nick, H., Keebie, D. and Martin, R. (1999) The Economic Geography Reader: Producing and Consuming Global Capitalism, Wiley, New York Dilly, R. (1992) Contesting Markets: Analyses of Ideology, Discourse and Practice, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Fukuyama, F. (1992) The Last Man and the End of History, Free Press. New York Gill, S. (Ed.) (1993) Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gilpin, R. (1981) War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Guthrie, D. (1999) Dragon in a Three-Piece Suit: The Emergence of Capitalism in China, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Harvey, D. (2005) The New Imperialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford Holub, R. (1992) Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism, Routledge, New York Jacques, M. (2009) When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, Penguin Press, New York Jansson, B. (2001) The Sixteen-Trillion-Dollar Mistake: How the U.S. Bungled Its National Priorities from the New Deal to the Present, Columbia University Press, New York Khanna, P. (2008) The Second World, Penguin Books, London Kim, Yong-Ki, The Rise of G20 and Korea’s Response , SERI Quarterly. Volume: 3. Issue: 4 October 2010, pp. 49-66 Kindleberger, C. Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy, International Studies Quarterly 25(2) (1981), pp. 242-54 Mandel, E. (1995) Long Waves of Capitalist Development, Verso, London Marx, K. (1863) The Capital, Volume III, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm MCCarthy, G. (1990) Marx and the Ancients: Classical Ethics, Social Justice, and Nineteenth-Century Political Economy, Rowman and Littlefield, Savage, MD Organski, A.F.K. (1969) World Politics, Knopf, New York Suominen, K. (2012) Peerless and Periled: The Paradox of American Leadership in the World Economic Order, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Wright, T. (2010) Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in China’s Reform Era, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA